Rethinking Invaders, Laundry Chemistry, and Why the ISS Stays Cool

The Point by Modern Sciences - April 9, 2025 (A)

Author

Don Smith
April 09, 2025

In partnership with

By The Modern Sciences Team

April 9, 2025

Hello again, Cultivators of Curiosity!


Welcome to the 14th edition of The Point by Modern Sciences, where we dive into the hidden complexities of ecosystems, everyday science, and space exploration. This edition uncovers the surprising benefits of some invasive species in native ecosystems, explores the lesser-known differences between liquid and powder laundry detergents, and reveals the secrets behind how the International Space Station orbits Earth without burning up.


From challenging traditional conservation practices to making sense of the science behind household products and shedding light on the physics of space, this volume offers fresh insights into how science continuously shapes both the natural and the built world. Whether you're a nature enthusiast, a practical thinker, or a space aficionado, this issue has something to expand your understanding of the world around us.


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NATURE

Good or bad? Some ‘invasive species’ can help native ecosystems thrive

Not all non-native species are harmful; some play beneficial roles in native ecosystems. A new study suggests that we should rethink the one-sided approach to managing non-native species, highlighting examples where they help support biodiversity and ecosystem restoration. Read more.



The Point:

  • Complex Role of Non-Native Species: While some non-native species cause extinctions and ecosystem disruption, others contribute positively to biodiversity by providing resources like food and habitat, as seen in the case of Vancouver Island's butterflies and California's ridgeway rail.

  • Challenges in Non-Native Species Management: Controlling non-native species is resource-intensive and often ineffective long-term. Efforts should focus on species with clear harmful impacts, as indiscriminate eradication may waste resources and harm ecosystems.

  • Call for Balanced Conservation Strategies: Scientists advocate re-evaluating the perception of non-native species, conducting rigorous research on their net ecological impacts, and prioritizing management based on species' effects on biodiversity.


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MATH AND THE SCIENCES

What’s the difference between liquid and powder laundry detergent? It’s not just the obvious

Choosing between liquid and powder laundry detergents is not just about convenience or cost. A deep dive into the chemistry reveals that powders often contain more effective bleaching agents, while liquids are better for direct stain treatment and offer unique advantages in your wash. Read more.



The Point:

  • Key Ingredients in Detergents: Laundry detergents, whether powder or liquid, contain surfactants that lift dirt and oils from fabrics, as well as additives like water softeners to counteract hard water and optical brighteners for a "whiter white" effect. Powders typically include stabilizing salts and oxidizing agents, while liquids are primarily water-based with additional preservatives.

  • Differences Between Powder and Liquid: Powders contain peroxides that help prevent bacterial growth in the washing machine, while liquids, which lack peroxides, may encourage mold growth. Liquids can be applied directly to stains and offer convenient forms like pods, though these can pose risks for young children and those with cognitive impairment.

  • Role of Enzymes and Washing Tips: Enzymes in detergents target specific stains, breaking down proteins, fats, and starches effectively at lower temperatures. For enzyme-containing detergents, optimal washing temperatures are around 15–20°C to prevent enzyme denaturation.


SPACE

How does the International Space Station orbit Earth without burning up?

Why doesn’t the International Space Station burn up as it orbits Earth at 5 miles per second? While meteoroids disintegrate in the atmosphere due to intense heat and pressure, the ISS orbits far above the thermosphere, where the air is so thin that it avoids the same fate despite experiencing extreme temperature swings. Read more.



The Point:

  • Why Meteoroids Burn Up: Meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at hypersonic speeds compress air particles, generating intense pressure and heat that cause them to break apart and burn up in the mesosphere. This process, called meteoroid ablation, creates the phenomenon of "shooting stars."

  • Why the ISS Doesn’t Burn Up: The ISS orbits Earth at about 250 miles (402 km) in the thermosphere, where the atmosphere is extremely thin with too few particles to cause significant heat or pressure. This allows the ISS to orbit unscathed for decades.

  • A High-Flying Research Hub: The ISS withstands extreme temperature swings using carefully engineered materials and provides valuable scientific advancements in areas like water filtration, food growth in space, and disease studies. It will remain operational until 2030, after which it will be deorbited and disintegrate in the mesosphere.